Tumor inducing principle (TIP) : Ti mega plasmid
Vir, rep , tra/trb (conjugation), opine, T-DNA
VirE2 and VirD2: nuclear targeting (NLS)
Auxin and Cytokinin synthesis
Transformation vectors: Disarmed / Co-integrative/ Binary
Selectable markers: nptII, hpt, gentR, bar, EPSPS
Screenable markers
Codon usage/ gene shuffling
Introns
Scaffold attachment region (SAR)
Matrix attachment region (MAR)
Site-specific integration system
Monocots: Agrolistic system/ Super-binary system.
All monocots: biolistic (bombardment of DNA with Gold)
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