Electroporation: permeabilize : transient expression
DNA incubated pollen: hybrid tumor formation
Microinjection: contamination/ irreproducible
Sonication- Ultrasound: bubbles: protoplast not nucleus
PEG-mediated protoplast transformation, Ca++
Particle bombardment: PDS/ ACCELL/ inflow gun: chloroplast
Gold/ tungsten particle
Selectable marker genes list: crucial for particle bombardment
Npt, hpt, SPT, dhfr, bar (PAT), aroA (EPSP), als, bxn
Reporter genes: CAT, nos, ocs, uidA or gusA, luc, gfp
Agrolistic: produces single copy like A.t than biolistic
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